Abstract:Based on the field work in Chen Village in the east plain of HenanProvince,this paper presents an empirical research on the game in the process offamily planning in rural China.It attempts to reveal the relationship between stateand society or state and villagers,the evolution of local social order and patternof local social operation through the macro and micro2analyses of the game in familyplanning in Chen Village.In micro-game analysis,the authers analyze the main meansand strategies of game used by players.Based on the micro-analyses ,the authersanalyze the macro-game and try to clarify institutional change of family planningin the game and formalization of outcomes of games in past over 20years.Four changestook place in the game of family planning in Chen Village (and neighboring areas)。In the conclusion part,this paper puts forward the concept of"two-line-operatingsociety"and finds the model of evolution of order.
著名社会学家布迪厄(P.Bourdieu )认为:"社会学家和历史学家的职责在于对社会的运作进行科学分析。法国一位科学哲学家加斯东·巴什拉(G.Bachelard)说过:'科学必须发掘隐秘',这就是说,既然有一个研究社会的科学,它就不可避免地要发掘隐秘??"(转引自孙立平,2000:5)。本文所要发掘的隐秘就是基层社会的运作。它通过对中国中部一个村计划生育中博弈的实地考察,力图更好地发现当今中国国家与社会或国家与农民的关系,基层秩序的演变,以及基层社会运作的模式。
一、分析框架
在本文的分析框架中,有三个核心概念:博弈、事件和制度。
博弈即一些个人、队组或其他组织,面对一定的环境条件,在一定的规则下,同时或先后,一次或多次,从各自允许选择的行为和策略中进行选择并加以实施,从中各自取得相应结果的过程。博弈参与者都想从博弈中获得利益,这种利益是各博弈方追求的根本目标,也是他们行为和判断的主要依据。①「这里是以有限理性人为前提预设的(参阅西蒙,1989:45-101),各博弈方并非充分理性的,他们各自的决策也不是在寻求他们的最大得益,而只是在有限理性限度内力求获取较满意的收益。」