宋代的“早稻”和“晚稻”并不是现代意义上的早稻和晚稻,而主要指的是收获期上的早晚。即便是所谓“早稻”,也大多属于中晚熟品种。早稻、晚稻之间在大多数情况下并不构成复种关系。宋代各地都有早晚稻的分布,但所占比重各不相同.浙西、淮南等水稻主产区以种植晚稻为主,但其它地区却出现了早稻盛行的趋势;干旱和救饥是早稻盛行的主要原因,而太湖地区种植剔透则很大程度上是赋税和雨水所致.
The “early rice” and “late rice” in the Song Dynasty
Abstract
The so called “early rice (zao dao)” and “late rice (wan dao) “ in the Song dynasty were not the same ones in the double harvest rice cropping system of modern sense, but the ones that harvest early or late, many of them belonged to middle and late-maturing varieties. The so-called “late rice” distributed mainly in zhexi ( now the south part of Jiangsu and north part of Zhejiang) due to taxes and rain, while the early rice became more and more popular in the other districts for the reasons of drought and famine .
早、晚稻的划分既是稻作技术自身发展的需要,也是社会经济和自然条件相结合的产物。虽然早稻和晚稻的概念在宋代以前即已出现,但大多在一些非常偶然的场合,并且早稻和晚稻都是孤立存在。宋代随着稻作技术的发展,早稻和晚稻的概念非常流行,且常常是相提并论,以致后来的一些学者往往以今概古,以为宋代已经出现了现代意义上的早稻和晚稻,甚至更有人认为是双季稻,从而错误地估计了宋代稻作的发展水平。本文试图从宋人有关早稻和晚稻的基本概念入手,考察早稻、晚稻在各地的分布,并分析形成此种分布的原因,以期对宋代的稻作有个更好的把握。